LedgerPrint Workpaper
Runs entirely in your browser — no upload, ever
LedgerPrint
Benford's Law, structuring, duplicate and sequence-gap tests, risk-weighted MUS sampling, a materiality calculator, and ratio/trend analytical review — with reviewer and partner sign-off built in. Built for firms that can't afford a five-figure CAAT suite.
Expected first-digit frequency under Benford's Law — the baseline every digit test below is measured against
01
Engagement details (optional — appears on your printed workpaper)
PNG/JPG/SVG, under 500KB. Saved only in this browser.
02
Load your data
Drop a CSV or Excel file, or click to browse
General ledger export, vendor payments, expense claims — any list of numeric amounts
Your file is parsed in this browser tab only. Nothing is uploaded, logged, or sent anywhere — close the tab and it's gone.
03
Results
Close conformity
This population's digit pattern matches Benford's Law closely.
Entries tested
0
Mean abs. deviation
0.0000
Chi-square
0.00
p-value
—
Expected (Benford)
Your data
Click any bar or table row below to see the actual transactions behind it.
| Digit | Expected % | Actual % | Count | Deviation |
|---|
08
Sample size calculator (monetary unit sampling)
Standard MUS sample size using Poisson reliability factors for a zero-expected-misstatement plan (the same approach behind most firm sampling tables). If you expect some misstatements, enter an estimate below — LedgerPrint applies a simple expansion factor rather than a precise non-zero-error formula, so treat that case as indicative and confirm against your firm's methodology.
09
Materiality calculator (planning)
Standard planning-materiality benchmarks. Percentages below are typical starting ranges, not firm policy — apply professional judgment and your firm's methodology for the final figure. Once calculated, planning materiality can be sent straight into the sampling calculator (section 08) as the tolerable misstatement.
10
Ratio & trend analysis (analytical review)
Enter current and prior period figures from the trial balance or financial statements. LedgerPrint computes horizontal (%) movement on each line item plus key ratios for both periods, and flags variances beyond your threshold — the standard analytical review procedure a partner checks at planning and completion.
| Line item | Current period | Prior period |
|---|
What this checks — and what it doesn't
Benford's Law predicts that in most naturally occurring financial datasets, the digit 1 leads about 30% of numbers, digit 2 about 18%, decreasing down to digit 9 at under 5%. Large, systematic deviations can indicate rounded estimates, fabricated entries, or amounts structured to dodge an approval threshold — a pattern documented in cases like HealthSouth, where entries were kept just under a $5,000 sign-off limit.
Conformity is scored using Nigrini's mean absolute deviation (MAD) scale, which uses tighter bands as more digits are tested. For the first digit: under 0.006 is close conformity, up to 0.012 acceptable, up to 0.015 marginal, above that nonconformity. The second-digit and first-two-digits tabs above are scored against their own, stricter Nigrini thresholds — each verdict reflects only the digit test currently shown. The last-two-digits tab is a different kind of test: unlike the others it doesn't follow Benford's Law at all — it expects a roughly uniform spread across all 100 possible pairs (00–99) — so it's scored on statistical significance (p-value) rather than a MAD table.
This is a risk-indicator test, not proof of fraud. ISA 240 treats digital analysis as one input into professional judgment — a flagged population calls for follow-up procedures, not a conclusion on its own. Small, homogeneous, or narrow-range datasets (e.g. a single recurring fee) can fail Benford's Law without any wrongdoing.
Frequently asked questions
Benford's Law predicts that in most naturally occurring financial datasets, the digit 1 appears as the leading digit about 30% of the time, decreasing down to digit 9 at under 5%. When someone fabricates or rounds numbers, this natural pattern breaks down — auditors compare a client's actual digit distribution against the Benford curve to flag populations that warrant closer inspection.
Yes. LedgerPrint runs entirely client-side in your browser tab. Your file is parsed locally and never uploaded to any server. There's no account, no tracking of the data itself, and no cost — now or later.
MAD (Mean Absolute Deviation) measures how far your data's actual digit frequencies are from Benford's expected frequencies. Nigrini's scale for the first digit is: under 0.006 close conformity, up to 0.012 acceptable, up to 0.015 marginal, and above that, nonconformity that may warrant follow-up. The second-digit and first-two-digits tests use their own, tighter thresholds — LedgerPrint scores each tab independently, so the verdict shown always matches whichever digit test is selected.
No. It's a risk-indicator test, not proof. ISA 240 treats digital analysis as one input into professional judgment — a flagged population calls for follow-up procedures like inquiry and vouching, not a standalone conclusion. Small or narrow-range datasets can fail the test without any wrongdoing.
CSV and Excel (.xlsx, .xls) files. Any general ledger export, vendor payment list, or expense claim register with a numeric amount column will work.